Methods


			FTIRI (Fourier transform infrared imaging)
		Spatial distribution of mineral crystallite maturity
Spatial distribution of collagen cross-link ratio at the 6.3 mm spatial level

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			ATR-FTIR (Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared)
		Attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy coupled to a flow through chamber for real-time analysis of extracellular matrix in in situ cell cultures.
			RAMAN
		Spatial distribution of mineral characteristics at the 0.6-1 mm spatial level
Mineral crystallite and collagen fiber orientation
Proteoglycans
Nanoporosity
Spatial distributuion of pyridinoline collagen cross-link content
Lipids
AGEs
Pyrophosphate

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			Cellular & Molecular Biology
		Culture of primary cells and established cell lines. Techniques for studying gene expression including gene transfection and reporter gene assay. Analysis of epigenetic DNA methylation. Gene array analysis. Biochemical analysis of proteins including protein-DNA interaction. Cloning and recombinant protein techniques.
			Light Microscopy/Histomorphometry
		Structural parameters, parameters static bone formation and resorption, dynamic bone formation.
Pathohistological, diagnostic evaluatiof on of bone biopsies.

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			Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
		3-D fluorescence imaging of labelled bone tissue, cellular structures & cytoskeletal architecture. Imaging of resorption lacunae in in vitro assays.
			qBEI (quantitative backscattered electron imaging)
		Bone mineral density distribution (BMDD) in a spatially resolved manner at the micrometer-range.

Read more about qBEI (quantitative backscattered electron imaging)
			EDX (energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis)
		Elemental composition of bone (sensitivity of quantification 0.1%)
			HR-BEI (high resolution backscatter electron imaging)
		Visualization of bone matrix in nm-range (limit 4nm)
			Scanning SAXS (Small-angle X-ray scattering)
		Information of bone mineral crystallites characteristics in a spatially resolved manner at the nanometer range.

Read more about Scanning SAXS (Small-angle X-ray scattering)
			Nanoindentation
		Spatial distribution of elastic properties of bone composite. Read more about Nano-Indentation
			SASAM (Saarland scanning acoustic microscopy)
		Spatially resolved acoustic properties of bone material at the micrometer-range.
			Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) instrument shared with H. Redl 
		Architecture/structure of mineralized bone sample
			Conventional X-ray  DXA, CT, MRT, Bone Scan
		Clinical diagnosis
Classification and characterization of patients with bone diseases
hierarchy of bone tissue